Understanding Mixers
Often a mixer data sheet does not specify intercept point, so a rule-of-thumb estimate can easily be made by examining the 1dB compression point. As RF input level s increased, there is a point where the conversion loss will increase. A convenient point of reference is a 1 dB compression point. As RF input is increased, IF output should follow in a linear manner.
However, after a certain point, the IF output increases at a lower rate until the mixer output becomes fairly constant. When the IF output cannot follow the RF input linearly, and deviates by 1 dB, this point is called the 1 dB compression point. Now, the conversion loss is 1 dB higher than it was when the RF input signal was smaller. The importance of this figure is its utility in comparing dynamic range, maximum output and two-tone performance of various mixers.
As a rule-of-thumb, the intercept point is approximately 10 to 15 dB higher than the 1 dB compression point; at low frequencies about 15 dB, and at higher frequencies about 10 dB. See Figure 1.
Figure 1. The 1 dB compression point is an indication of a dBm's dynamic range and maximum power capabilities.
A 50Ω broadband system is used for all factory measurements. It offers the customer a convenient and consistent means to obtain correlation with data prepared by Mini-Circuits.
For conversion loss measurements, see Figure 2a, fixed attenuator pads are connected to all three ports so the mixer sees 50Ωat the frequency of interest and all harmonics. An RF input level of – 11 dBm is deliberately selected. Here's why, assuming a typical 6 dB conversion loss, the IF output would be – 17 dBm. Mini Circuit's mixers provide LO-IF isolation typically in the order of 50 to 60 dB. Normally, the LO input is +7 dBm and thus with 50 dB isolation, the LO leakage level of – 43 dBm would be much lower than IF output. Therefore the RF input level is high enough to operate the mixer in its linear range and not low enough to allow LO leakage to destroy the integrity of the measurement.
Figure 2. Test measurement steps for (a) conversion loss, (b) isolation, (c) VSWR, and (d) tone, third-order distortion.
The 1 dB compression point is an indication of a dBm's dynamic range and maximum power capabilities.
For the IF power level measurement, a filter is included before the broadband RF voltmeter, to reject all responses other than the desired IF. When a crystal filter is used, LO leakage would have no effect on the conversion loss measurement since it would not reach the RF voltmeter.
There are two general techniques for measuring isolation, both requiring 50???gr??ohm terminations at the unused ports. When measuring LO-RF isolation, see Figure 2(b), a pad is placed between the generator and DBM to ensure a 50Ωimpedance. Also, a 50Ωtermination is connected to the IF port and the power at the RF port is measured to obtain the isolation performance.
When measuring isolation from RF-IF or RF-LO, the power applied at the RF port is set at a high level to make sure the diodes have sufficient drive power. This RF power level will be higher than encountered in actual DBM usage. However, the measurement results can be considered quite accurate.
The RF voltmeter technique actually produces isolation specs that are conservative since many applications normally involve narrowband circuits and filters that would eliminate harmonics.
By assuming everything measured on the RF voltmeter is due to the fundamental and that harmonics are not present, mixers supplied by Mini-Circuits perform better than expected from the data sheet specs.
Replacing the RF voltmeter by a spectrum analyzer enables the following improvement in measurement integrity. First, the power at the fundamental frequency of measurement can be observed. Now, for broadband applications, the effects of harmonics can be judged. For narrow-band applications, only the fundamental need be considered. By using the spectrum analyzer technique, the design engineer can avoid over specifying this DBM isolation requirement with subsequent cost savings.
Here's another important advantage of the spectrum analyzer technique. When RF-IF or RF-LO measurements are made, the RF and LO levels can now be set at the normal operating level under which the DBM will be used.
VSWR measurements are made under the same dynamic conditions that the mixer would encounter in practice, see Figure 2(c). First, let's consider VSWR measurement at the RF port. An LO signal is applied to its port and the unused I terminated in 50?. The RF generally applies an input level corresponding mixer operation. With the double balanced mixer disconnected from the directional coupler, a reference level is obtaining the RF power is reflected back amount of reflected signal depending on the directional coupler used; a 20 dB would establish a reference level below the RF input. Next, the mixer is connected to the output of the directional coupler. The spectrum analyzer acts as a narrow-band filter and allows observation of the RF input frequency. The RF input frequency is reflected back from the mixer is d and can be measured by the ca scale on the spectrum analyzer. The VSWR at the IF port is measured in a similar fashion. In this case, the is terminated in 50Ω.
Broadband mixers, it should be noted, exhibit a different VSWR characteristic at different frequencies. Factors causing this include circuit resonances and changing diode impedances as the LO power changes. Also of importance is the input impedances of the various are load dependent, even though isolated from each other. At high frequencies, this effect is more noticeable as isolation tends to drop as frequency increases.
By Mini-Circuits
Mini-Circuits
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2009
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